Siham M. Abdul-Ridha1, Abed H. Baraaj2, Salim R. Hamudi3
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to the mild dose of soybean seeds on the tissue and some physiological parameters of the thyroid gland in the prepubertal and postpubertal life stages. Twenty four Sprague-Dawley albino male rats were divided into four groups (n=6); control rats at the prepubertal life stage; prepubertal rats treated with 20% soybean seeds of daily diet for 40 days after the weaning; normal control rats, at the postpubertal stage; and postpubertal rats, were treated with 20% soybean seeds. Morphmetrical, histological and physiological changes were examined. Consumption of mild dose of soybean seeds along the prepubertal life stage showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in the height of follicular cell, significant increase (P<0.05) in the diameter of follicular lumen and ratio of cold follicles, slightly non-significant decline in (T3 and T4) hormones levels and significant increment (P<0.05) in body weight, while at postpuberty, long-term exposure for the same dose of soybean seeds showed significant increase in the height of follicular cell (P<0.05), significant decrease (P<0.05) in the diameter of follicular lumen and ratio of cold follicles caused hyperactivity of the thyroid, significant decline (P<0.05) in (T3 and T4) hormones levels and slightly non-significant increment (P<0.05) in body weight. We concluded that the long-term exposure to the mild dose of the soybean affect adversely the tissue and function of the thyroid at both life stages, pre- and postpuberty.
Keywords: Soybean seeds; Tissue; Function; Thyroid; Puberty
Copyright © 2016 by The American Society for BioMedicine and BM-Publisher, Inc.
References
1. CCederroth CR, Zimmermann C, Nef SS. Phytoestrogens and their impact on reproductive health. Mol Cell Endocrinol 22;355(2):192-200. [PubMed]
2. Messina M, Redmond G. Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients. Official journal of the American thyroid association 2006;16(3):249-258. [PubMed]
3. Hymowitz T, Newell CA. Taxonomy, speciation, domestication, dissemination, germplasm resources and variation in the genus Glycine. p. 149−225. In: R.J. Summerfields and A.H. Bunting (ed.), Advances in legume science. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, London, 1978.
4. Govindarao CN. Characterization of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill. varieties through morphological, chemical, molecular markers and image analyzer. M. Sc. Thesis. College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2010.
5. Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, et al. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA 2009;302:2437-2443. [PubMed]
6. Retana-Marquez S, Hernandez H, Flores JA, et al. Effect of phytoestrogens on mammalian reproductive physiology. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 2012;15(1):129-145. [Abstract/Full-Text]
7. Dyrskog EU, Jeppesen PB, Colombo M, Abudula R, Hermansen K. Preventive effects of a soy-based diet supplemented with stevioside on the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Metabolism 2005;54:181-1188. [PubMed]
8. Villegas R, Gao YT, Yang G, et al. Legume and soy food intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87:162-167. [PubMed]
9. Ekaluo UB, Udoh PB, Ikpeme EV. Effect of soybean (Glycine max L.) on the hormonal milieu of male rats. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 2012;3(8):722-724. [PubMed]
10. Asif M, Acharya M. Phytochemicals and nutritional health benefits of soy plant. International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases 2013;3(1):64-69. [Abstract/Full-Text]
11.Torres N, Torre-Villalvazo I, Tovar AR. Regulation of lipid metabolism by soy protein and its implication in diseases mediated by lipid disorders. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2006;17:365-373. [PubMed]
12. Singh P, Kumar R, Sabapathy SN, Bawa AS. Functional and edible uses of soy protein products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2008;7:14-28. [Abstract/Full-Text]
13. Sugano M. Nutritional implications of soybean. p. 3−16. In: M. Sugano (ed.), Soy in Health and Disease Prevention, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
14. Kang J, Badger TM, Ronis MJ, Wu X. Non-isoflavone phytochemicals in soy and their health effects. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2010;58:8119-8133. [PubMed]
15. Apriletti JW, Riberio RC, Wagner RL, et al. Molecular and structural biology of thyroid hormone receptors. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol Suppl 1998;25:S2-11. [PubMed]
16. Hamudi SR. Involution of thyroid hyperplasia. Ph.D. Thesis. Catholic University of Louvain, England,1986.
17. Šošić-Jurjević B, Filipović B, Wirth EK, et al. Soy isoflavones interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis in orchidectomized middle-aged rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2014;142:1-11. [PubMed]
18. McCarisson R. The goitrogenic action of soybean and groundnut. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1993;21:179-181.
19. Van Wyk JJ, Arnold MB, Wynn J, Pepper F. The effects of a soybean product on thyroid function in humans. Pediatrics 1959;24:752-760.
20. Chang HC, Doerge DR. Dietary genistein inactivates rat thyroid peroxidase in vivo without an apparent hypothyroid effect. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2000;168:244-252. [PubMed]
21. Doerge DR, Sheehan D. Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones. Environmental Health Perspectives 2002;110(3):349-353. [PubMed]
22. Chen A, Rogan WJ. Isoflavones in soy infant formula: a review of evidence for endocrine and other activity in infants. Annual Review of Nutrition 2004;24:33-54. [PubMed]
23. Xiao CW, L’Abbé MR, Gilani S, Cooke G, Curran I, Papademetriou SA. Dietary soy protein isolate and isoflavones modulate hepatic thyroid hormone receptors in rats. Journal of Nutrition 2004;134:743-749. [PubMed]
24. Al-Hilfy JH. Effect of soybean seeds on liver function and apoptosis in liver, spleen and thymus in male rats treated with uranyl nitrate. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq, 2007.
25. Tovar AR, Murguia F, Cruz C, et al. A soy protein diet alters hepatic lipid metabolism, gene expression and reduces serum lipids and renal fibrogenic cytokins in rats with chronic nephritic syndrome. J. Nutr 2002;132(9):2562-9. [PubMed]
26. Suvarna SK, Layton C, Bancroft JD. Bancroft’s theory and practice of histological techniques, 7th ed. Elsevier Lim, China, 2013.
27. Salih LA. The teratogen effects of pregabalin drug on the cerebellar development of albino rat embryos. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq.
28. Al-Sudany NM. Thyroid hormones inhibitors and spermatogenesis. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Iraq, 2004.
29. Calstatela. IBM SPSS statistics 20/part 4: Chi-square and ANOVA. ITS, Los Angeles, 2013.
30. Amer N. Effects of Soybean Seed on Glucose Levels, Lipid Profiles and Histological Structures of the Liver in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 2012;17(2):1-5.
31. Baraaj AH. Treatment of diabetic male rats with soybean [Glycine max (L.)] seeds. Histological and biochemical study. Journal of the collage of basic education 2014;83(20):655-670. [Abstract/Full-Text]
32. Tada O, Yokogoshi H. Effect of different dietary protein composition on skeletal muscle atrophy by suspention hypokinesia/ hypodynamia in rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology2002;48(2):115-119. [Abstract/Full-Text]
33. Divi RL, Chang HC, Doerge DR. Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Biochemical Pharmacology 1997;54(10):1087−1096. [Abstract/Full-Text]
34. Surks MI, Hollowell JG. Age-specific distribution of serum thyrotropin and antithyroid antibodies in the US population: implications for the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007;92:4575-4582. [Abstract/Full-Text]
35. Šošić-Jurjević B, Filipović B, Ajdžanović V, Savin S, Nestorović N, Milošević V, Sekulic M. Suppersive effects of genistein and daidzein on pituitary- thyroid axis in Orchidectomized middle-aged rats. Journal of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2010;235(5):590-598.
36. Sharpe RM, Fraser HM, Brougham MF, et al. Role of the neonatal period of pituitary-testicular activity in germ cell proliferation and differentiation in the primate testis. Human Reproduction 2003;18(10):2110−2117. [PubMed]
37. Vanderpump MP. The epidemiology of thyroid disease. British Medical Bulletin 2011;99:39-51. [Abstract/Full-Text]
READ THE FULL ARTICLE
1. Access this article through OpenAthens
2. Access this article through your login credentials or your institution
Get Access3. Purchase this article at rate $55.00 and received Full-Text/PDF
You will have online immediate access to article following the completion of this purchase and you may download and print a copy of each article for your personal use. Use the coding below to purchase your article as PDF by credit card, debit card, payball will be asked to supply your billing card information. Before continue with your purchase please read carefully the AJBM terms and conditions of purchase.
For any technique error please contact us and will be response to sending purchase article by email.
Thank you for visiting American Journal of BioMedicine. * = Required fields
[gravityform id=”6″ name=”Feedback”]