Daytime peak incidence of death due to the ischemic heart disease


 

Abstract

Myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, ventricular dysrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death occur most frequently in the morning, especially in the first few hours after awakening. Among individual patients, however, this pattern may vary widely. Up to 80% of individuals who suffer sudden cardiac death have coronary heart disease; the epidemiology of sudden cardiac death to a great extent parallels that of coronary heart disease. This review describes circadian patterns in cardiovascular disease processes and analyses the findings of recent studies by searched, from PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus databases in a time period between late 1970s through July 2013. The circadian pattern of numerous cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, stroke) reveals a peak in the early hours of the morning, which occurs in more than 20% of patients with arterial hypertension, and can be regularly detected in combined 24-h-ABPM/EKG examinations. The awareness of an increased incidence of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in the early morning hours, shortly after waking, has stimulated an interest in the relationship of these events and the occurrence of both silent and symptomatic myocardial ischaemia. A number of studies have been reported that examine both the physiological triggers and the underlying causes of these events. Beta-adrenergic blockers have been shown to abolish the early morning peak of myocardial infarction and blunt the morning peak in sudden cardiac death. Newer calcium antagonists, such as amlodipine, have been demonstrated to control angina throughout a 24-hour period. Aspirin is effective in preventing morning infarction. Approaching the pathophysiology of circadian time-dependent sudden cardiac death has implication for future prevention and treatment.

Key words: Myocardial infarction; Sudden cardiac death; Stroke; Coronary heart disease; Hypertension

Copyright © 2014 by The American Society for BioMedicine and BM-Publisher, Inc.

Article citationReferencesFull-Text/PDFBecome reviewer
The citation data is computed by the following citation measuring services:

Cited by (CrossRef)
Google Scholar

  1. White WB. Cardiovascular risk and therapeutic intervention for the early morning surge in blood pressure and heart rate. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 63–72.
  2. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation 2003; 107: 1401–1406.
  3. Hansen, Tine W, Yan Li, Boggia J, Thijs L, Richart T, and Staessen JA. Predictive role of the nighttime blood pressure. Hypertension 2011; 57(1) 3-10.
  4. Donaldson C, Ermakov SP, Komarov YM, McDonald CP, Keatinge WR. Cold related mortalities and protection against cold in Yakutsk, eastern Siberia: observation and interview study. BMJ 1998;317:978.
  5. Kario K. Morning surge in blood pressure and cardiovascular risk evidence and perspectives. Hypertension 2010; 56(5): 765-773.
  6. Panza JA, Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA. Circadian variation in vascular tone and its relation to α-sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 986–990.
  7. Kario K, Pickering TG, Hoshide S, Eguchi K, Ishikawa J, Morinari M, Hoshide Y, Shimada K. Morning blood pressure surge and hypertensive cerebrovascular disease: role of the α-adrenergic sympathetic nervous system. Am J Hypertens. 2004; 17: 668–675.
  8. Marfella R, Siniscalchi M, Portoghese M, Di Filippo C, Ferraraccio F, Schiattarella C, Crescenzi B, Sangiuolo P, Ferraro G, Siciliano S, Cinone F, Mazzarella G, Martis S, Verza M, Coppola L, Rossi F, D'Amico M, Paolisso G. Morning blood pressure surge as a destabilizing factor of atherosclerotic plaque: role of ubiquitin-proteasome activity. Hypertension 2007; 49: 784–791.
  9. Metoki H, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Asayama K, Obara T, Hashimoto J, Totsune K, Hoshi H, Satoh H, Imai Y. Prognostic significance for stroke of a morning pressor surge and a nocturnal blood pressure decline: the Ohasama Study. Hypertension 2006; 47: 149–154.
  10. Shimada K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K, Nishinaga M, Kimura S, Ozawa T. Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10: 875–878.
  11. Gretler DD, Carlson GF, Montano AV, Murphy MB. Diurnal blood pressure variability and physical activity measured electronically and by diary. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6: 127–133.
  12. Marfella, Raffaele, Pasquale Gualdiero, Mario Siniscalchi, Caterina Carusone, Mario Verza, Salvatore Marzano, Katherine Esposito, and Dario Giugliano. Morning blood pressure peak, QT intervals, and sympathetic activity in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2003; 41(2): 237-243.
  13. Kawano Y, Tochikubo O, Watanabe Y, Miyajima E, Ishii M. Doxazosin suppresses the morning increase in blood pressure and sympathetic nervous activity in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. 1997; 20: 149–156.
  14. Berlin JA, Colditz GA. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:612-628.
  15. Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Lee I-M, Jung DL, Kampert JB. The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med 1993;328:538-545.
  16. Murray PM, Herrington DM, Rettus CW, Miller HS, Cantwell JD, Little WC. Should patients with heart disease exercise in the morning or afternoon? Arch Intern Med 1993;153:833-836.
  17. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, Hoshide S, Hoshide Y, Morinari M, Murata M, Kuroda T, Schwartz JE, Shimada K. Morning surge in BP as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation 2003; 107: 1401–1406.
  18. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, Liang Y, Smialek JE, Virmani R. Plaque rupture and sudden death related to exertion in men with coronary artery disease. JAMA 1999; 281: 921–926.
  19. Amici A, Cicconetti P, Sagrafoli C, Baratta A, Passador P, Pecci T, Tassan G, Verrusio W, Marigliano V, Cacciafesta M. Exaggerated morning blood pressure surge and cardiovascular events: a 5-year longitudinal study in normotensive and well-controlled hypertensive elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49: e105–e109.
  20. Pepine CJ. Circadian Variations in Myocardial Ischemia:  Implications for Management. JAMA 1991;265(3):386-390.
  21. Jones H, Atkinson G, Leary A, George K, Murphy M, & Waterhouse J. Reactivity of ambulatory blood pressure to physical activity varies with time of day. Hypertension 2006; 47(4):778-784.
  22. Willich SN, Lowel H, Lewis M, et al. Association of wake time and the onset of myocardial infarction: Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction (TRIMM) pilot study: TRIMM Study Group. Circulation 1991; 84: VI62–VI67.
  23. Willich SN, Goldberg RJ, Maclure M, et al. Increased onset of sudden cardiac death in the first three hours after awakening. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:65–68.
  24. Raeder EA, Hohnloser SH, Graboys TB, Podrid PJ, Lampert S, Lown B.  Spontaneous variability in circadian distribution of ectopic activity in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12(3): 656-661.
  25. Ernst ND, Sempos ST, Briefel RR, Clark MB. Consistency between US dietary fat intake and serum total cholesterol concentrations: the National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 965S-972S.
  26. Higgins M, Thom T. Trends in CHD in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: S58-S66.
  27. Friedlan der Y, Siscovick DS, Weinmann S, Austin MA, Psaty BM, Lemaitre RN, Arbogast P, Aghunathan TE, Cobb LA. Family history as a risk factor for primary cardiac arrest. Circulation 1998; 97:155–160.
  28. Kemalb M, Serdar A,  Oto A, Yildirir A, OZwe N, Alarm E, Taytem K, Kabakci G, Ovunc K, Ozmen F, Kes, S. Circadian variations of QTc dispersion: Is it a clue to morning increase of  sudden cardiac death?  Clin. Cardiol 1999; 22:103-106.
  29. Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA. Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 413–419.
  30. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Varini SD, Soifer S, Corrado G, Dubner S, Scapin O, Perrone SV, GESICA-GEMA Investigators. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in severe heart failure: Independent marker of increased mortality due to sudden death. Circulation. 1996; 94: 3198–3203.
  31. L Bossaert. Circadian, circaseptan and circannual periodicity of cardiac arrest. European Heart Journal 1999; 21(4):259-61.
  32. Kelly p, Ruskin JN, Vlahakes GJ, Buckley MJ, Freeman CS, Garan H. Surgical coronary revascularization in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest: effect on inducible ventricular arrhythmias and long term survival  J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: pp. 267–273.
  33. Siegel D, Black DM, Seeley DG, Hulley SB. Circadian variation in ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive men. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:344–347.
  34. Willich SN, Levy D, Rocco MB, Tofler GH, Stone PH, Muller JE. Circadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham heart study population. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60:801–806.
  35. Fromm RE, Levine RL, Pepe PE. Circadian variation in the time of request for helicopter transport of cardiac patients. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:1196–1203.
  36. Pepine CJ. Circadian variations in myocardial ischemia. JAMA 1991; 265:386–390.

Who Can Become a Reviewer?
Any expert in the article's research field can become a reviewer with American Journal of Biomedicine. Editors might ask you to look at a specific aspect of an article,...

Find out more

Review Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/014-04/213-227
American Journal of BioMedicine 2014, Volume 2, Issue 4, pages 213-227
Received 11 May 2014; accepted September 08, 2014, Published October 03, 2014

How to cite this article
Wilenky JH, Chang H, Kam JA, Martins WD. Daytime peak incidence of death due to the ischemic heart disease. American Journal of BioMedicine 2014;2(4):213-227.

Case report outline
1. Abstract
2. Keywords
3. Introduction
4. Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. References

Article metric