“Research Article”
Received August 09, 2016; Accepted December 30, 2016; Published January 21, 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/017-16-31
Asraa NA. Alzubaidi; Ziad MF. Alkozai
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare an experimental nano vaccine for Acinetobacter baumannii. In current study, Acinetobacter isolates were identified by growth onto CHROMagarTM Acinetobacter/MDR and standard biochemical tests. Identification of isolates of Acinetobacter isolates to species level was done by VITEK 2 compact system and API20. Chitosan nanoparticles was used in this study as an adjuvant, the results showed chitosan a perfect adjuvant because it carried outer membrane protein antigen and stimulates an immune response at treated rats, use of Chitosan nanoparticles as a carrier to OMP increased the concentration of cytokines (IL-2,IL-6,IFN-ƴ), antibody titer, total leukocytes and differential leukocytes in treated rats compared with each control group and OMP group.
Keywords: Vaccine; IL-2; IL-6; INFƴ; WBCs count
References
1. Ad’hiah A H, Al-Kashaly SS, Abbas TAA. Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pygoenes) and the mitotic activity of lymphoid organs in albino mice. The Eight Scientific Conference of the Technical Education Committee 2002; 302-208.
2. Al-Ali A, Alkhawajah A, Randhawa MA, Shaikh NA. Oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa, in mice and rats. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2008;20(2):25-7. [PubMed]
3. Al-Khazaali ASJ. Molecular Characterization of Multidrug- resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from Nosocomial Infections in Al-Diwaniya Province in Al-Diwaniya City, 2014.
4. Al-Shibbani LIO. The Immunogenicity of Lipopolysaccharide extracted from a certain Pathogenic Bacteria in White Rats. 2014, thesis college of Education, al-Qadisiyah University.
5. Zahrani Z. Biuret assay, imaging of single gold nanorods and Study of Some Pathogenicity and Genetic Aspects. M.Sc, 2010 thesis college of Education, al-Qadisiyah University.
6. Boyden SV. Fixation of bacterial products by erythrocytes treated with tannic acid and subsequent haemagglutination by antiprotein sera.J. Exp. Med 1951; 93:107.
7. Chua MMM, Alejandria MM. The Epidemiology of Acinetobacter Infections Among Critically Ill Adult Patients Admitted at the University of the Philippines – Philippine General Hospital. Philip. J. of Microb. and Infec. Dis 2008; 37(1):38-53.
8. Dejager L, Pinheiro I, Bogaert P, Huys L, Libert C. Role for neutrophils in host immune responses and genetic factors that modulate resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the inbred mouse strain SPRET/Ei. Infec. Immun 2010;78: 3884-3860. [Abstract/Full-Text]
9. Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox NJ. Seasonal influenza vaccines. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol 2009; 333: 43–82. [PubMed]
10. Fishbain J, Peleg AY. Treatment of Acinetobacter Infections. Clin. Infec. Dis 2010; 51(1):79–84. [PubMed]
11. Gan Q, Wang T, Cochrane C, McCarron P. Modulation of surface charge, particle size and morphological properties of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles intended for gene delivery. Colloids Surfaces B 2005; 44:65-73. [Website]
12. Guzman CA, Borsutzky S, Griot-Wenk M, et al. Vaccines against typhoid fever. Vaccine 2006; 24:3804 –11. [PubMed]
13. Haen PJ. Principles of Hematology. London. 1995, pp 310–325.
14. Howard A, O’Donoghue M, Feeney A, Sleator RD. Acinetobacter baumannii An emerging opportunistic pathogen. Virulence 2012; 3(3):1–8. [PubMed]
15. Huang KS, Wu WJ, Chen JB, Lian HS. Application of low-molecularweight chitosan in durable press finishing. Carbohydrate Polymers 2008; 73:254–260. [Publisher]
16. Irache JM, Esparza I, Gamazo C, Agüeros M, Espuelas S. Nanomedicine: novel approaches in human and veterinary therapeutics Vet. Para 2011; 180(1-2):47–71. [PubMed]
17. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Science 2012; 327:291–295. [PubMed]
18. Janes KA, Calvo P, Alonso MJ. Polysaccharide colloidal particles as delivery systems for macromolecules. Adv. Drug Deli. Rev 2001;47: 83-97. [PubMed]
19. Kaiko GE, Horvat JC, Beagley KW, Hansbro PM. Immunological decision making: how does the immune system decide to mount a helper T-cell response? Immunol 2008;123:326–338. [PubMed]
20. Karah N. Identification, molecular epidemiology, and antibiotic resistance characterization of Acinetobacter spp. clinical isolates. 2011, Ph.D. Dissertation. Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromaso University.
21. Kim OY, Hong BS, Park KS, et al. Immunization with Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles protect bacteria-induced lethality via Th1 and Th17 cell responses. J. Immunol 2014;190:4092-4102. [PubMed]
22. Kramer RJ. Complete Blood Count. (2003) www.jci.org.
23. Kurcik-Trajkovska B. Acinetobacter spp. a serious enemy threatening hospitals worldwide. Macedonian J. Med. Sci 2009;2:57-162. [Abstract/Full-Text]
24. Lewis SM, Bain BJ, Bates I, Dacie, Lewis. Practical Haematology. 10th ed Churchill Living Stone, London, 2001.
25. Van Looveren M, Goossens H, ARPAC Steering Group. Antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter spp. in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10(8):684-704. [PubMed]
26. Lou G, Lin L, Ibrahim A, Doi Y. Active and passive immunization protects against lethal extreme drug resistant- Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Ini. J. Pure. Appl. Sci. Technol 2012; 21(2):44-49. [PubMed]
27. Lubben MVD, van Opdorp FAC, Hengeveld MR, et al. Transport of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery in a Human Intestinal M-cell Model. J Drug Target 2002;10:449-456. [PubMed]
28. Lydyard P, Grossi C. Cells involved in the immune response. Immunology, 5th ed. Mosby International Ltd.UK.14-30, 1998.
29. MacFaddin JF. Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria (3rd ed.), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, USA, 2000.
30. Mahieu T, Park JM, Reverts H, et al. The wild-derived inbred mouse strain SPRET/Ei is resistant to LPS and defective in IFN beta production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 2006;103:2292-2297. [PubMed]
31. McDonald JH. Handbook of Biological Statistics. 2nd ed., Sparky House Publishing, Baltimore, Maryland, 2009.
32. McGarry MP, Protheroe CA, Lee J. Cell differential assessment to peripheral blood films. Mouse Hematology: a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, USA, 2010:39-42.
33. Miller LC, Tainter ML. Estimation of LD50 and its error by means of log- probit graph paper. Proc. Soc. Exp. Bio. Med 1944; 57:261-4.
34. Mohammad AD, Javad S, Afshin SE, Mohammad B, Soliman M. Nanovaccine for leishmaniasis: preparation of chitosan nanoparticles containing Leishmania superoxide dismutase and evaluationof its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2011; 6: 835–842. [PubMed]
35. Mussi MA, Relling VM, Limansky AS, Viale AM. CarO, an Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane protein involved in carbapenem resistance , is essential for L-ornithin uptake. FEBS Letter 2007;581:5573-5578. [PubMed]
36. Paterson DL. The Epidemiological Profile of Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter Species. Clin. Infec. Dis 2006;43:S43–8. [PubMed]
37. Regina S, Buske S, Young K, Weber B, Rades T, Hook S. In vivo evaluation of chitosan as an adjuvant in subcutaneous vaccine formulation. Vaccine 2013; 31, 42:4812-4819. [PubMed]
38. Robbins JD. and Robbins JB. Re-examination of the protective role of the capsular polysaccharide (Vi-antigen) of Salmonella typhi. J. infect. Dis 1984;150:436-49. [PubMed]
39. Singh R, Garg N, Caplash N, Sharma P. In silico analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane protein BamA as a potential immunogen. Ini. J. Pure. Appl. Sci. Technol 2014; 21(2):32-39.
40. Smani Y, Herrera JD, Pachon J. Association of the outer membrane protein OMP33 with fitness and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect Dis 2013;208(10):1561-70. [PubMed]
41. Tabassum S. Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter: a Major Nosocomial Pathogen Challenging Physicians. Bangl. J Med Microbiol 2007;01(02): 65-68.
42. Tanner JE, Tosato G. Regulation of B-cell growth and immunoglobulin gene transcription by Interleukine-6. Blood 2015;79(2)452-459. [PubMed]
43. Tomaras AP, Flagler MJ, Dorsey CW, Gaddy JA, Actis LA. Characterization of a two-component regulatory system from Acinetobacter baumannii that controls biofilm formation and cellular morphology. Microb 2008;154:3398–3409. [PubMed]
44. Towner KJ, Acinetobacter: an old friend, but a new enemy. J. of Hosp. Infec 2009; 73:355-363. [PubMed]
45. Wang H, Huff TB, Zweifel DA, et al. In vitro and in vivo two photonluminescence imaging of single gold nanorods. Proc.Nat. Acad. Sci. Un 2005;102:15752-15756. [PubMed]
46. Wu KY, Wu M, Fu ML. A novel chitosan CpG nanoparticle regulates cellular and humoral immunity of mice. Bio. Envir. Sci 2006;19(2): 87–95. [PubMed]
47. Zahr AS, Davis CA, Pishko MV. Macrophage uptake of core-shell nanoparticles surface modified with polyethylene glycol. Langmuir 2006;22:8178–8185. [PubMed]
48. Zheng LY, Zhu JF. Study on antimicrobial activity of chitosan with different molecular weights. Carbohydrate Polymers 2003;54:527–530. [Website]