Received: 01 March 2025, Revised: 22 April 2025, Accepted: 20 May 2025, Available online: 30 May 2025

Received 19 November 2024; revised 10 January 2025; accepted 18 February 2025; published 15 March 2025

[crossref_buttons title="Therapeutic Applications of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in Avascular Necrosis of the Hip Current Evidence and Future Directions" doi="10.18081/2333-5106/2025.1/35" journal_title="American Journal of BioMedicine" issn="1234-5678" publication_year="2025" volume="Volume 13, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 35-51" first_author_given="Wejdi Abbass Yassin " first_author_surname="Al-Fatlawy" abstract="Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip is a debilitating condition predominantly affecting young adults, often leading to femoral head collapse and early joint replacement. Recent advances in regenerative medicine have highlighted the potential of bone marrow-derived stem cell therapy as a disease-modifying intervention. In this prospective study, 50 patients (mean age 38.5 years) with early to mid-stage AVN of the hip underwent autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell implantation. Patients were followed for 18 months, with clinical outcomes assessed using the Harris Hip Score (HHS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, WOMAC, and SF-36 quality of life metrics. Subgroup analyses were performed by AVN stage. Significant improvements were observed across all clinical parameters. Mean HHS increased from 65.3 at baseline to 85.4 at 18 months (p<0.001), while mean VAS pain scores decreased from 7.8 to 2.8 (p<0.001). WOMAC scores improved from 65.2 to 30.2, and SF-36 domains showed an average 35% enhancement. Hip preservation was achieved in 90% of cases, with the greatest benefit seen in early-stage disease. No major complications or adverse events were reported. In conclusion, autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapy is a safe and effective treatment for early to mid-stage AVN of the hip, resulting in substantial pain relief, functional recovery, and improved quality of life. These findings support the integration of cellular therapy into standard AVN management protocols and underscore the need for further multicenter, long-term studies." pdf="https://ajbm.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Therapeutic-Applications-of-Bone-Marrow-Derived-Stem-Cells-in-Avascular-Necrosis-of-the-Hip-Current-Evidence-and-Future-Directions.pdf"]

Received 11 November 2024; revised 05 January 2025; accepted 11 February 2025; published 10 March 2025

[crossref_buttons title="Elevated IL-6 Levels: A Key Contributor to Insulin Resistance and Glucose Dysregulation in Type 2 Diabetes" doi="10.18081/2333-5106/2025.1/19" journal_title="American Journal of BioMedicine" issn="1234-5678" publication_year="2025" volume="Volume 13, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 19-34" first_author_given="HEmilyn" first_author_surname="Sharma" abstract="Chronic inflammation plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet the precise mechanisms linking inflammatory markers to metabolic dysfunction remain incompletely understood. This study investigated the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, and various metabolic parameters in T2DM patients, with particular focus on insulin resistance and glycemic control. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 150 T2DM patients (aged 40-75 years, 48% female). Serum IL-6 levels were measured using high-sensitivity ELISA. Insulin resistance was assessed via HOMA-IR, and glycemic control was evaluated through HbA1c measurements. Additional parameters included BMI, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and disease duration. Statistical analyses included correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis, and subgroup analyses by gender and disease duration. Strong positive correlations were observed between serum IL-6 levels and HOMA-IR (r = 0.72, p < 0.001), HbA1c (r = 0.65, p < 0.001), and hs-CRP (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). IL-6 levels increased progressively with disease duration, showing a 55% elevation from 0-5 years to 11-15 years of diagnosis (p < 0.01). Male patients exhibited 12% higher baseline IL-6 levels compared to females, with this gender gap widening with disease duration. Multiple regression analysis revealed that IL-6 levels independently predicted insulin resistance after adjusting for age, BMI, and disease duration. Conclusions, our findings demonstrate that elevated IL-6 levels are strongly associated with insulin resistance and poor glycemic control in T2DM, with significant gender-specific differences and disease duration effects. These results suggest that IL-6 could serve as both a valuable biomarker for disease progression and a potential therapeutic target in T2DM management. The observed relationships provide new insights into the inflammatory basis of T2DM and suggest the need for personalized, inflammation-targeted therapeutic approaches." pdf="https://ajbm.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Elevated-IL-6-Levels-A-Key-Contributor-to-Insulin-Resistance-and-Glucose-Dysregulation-in-Type-2-Diabetes.pdf"]

Received 14 October 2024; revised 01 November 2024; accepted 24 December 2024; published 01 January 2025

[crossref_buttons title="International Cancer Burden Analysis 2020-2024: GLOBOCAN-Derived Estimates of Incidence and Mortality for 30 Malignancies in 190 Geographic Regions" doi="10.18081/2333-5106/2025.1/1" journal_title="American Journal of BioMedicine" issn="1234-5678" publication_year="2025" volume="Volume 13, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-18" first_author_given="Hafiz" first_author_surname="Begum" abstract="Cancer remains a leading cause of death globally, with significant disparities in incidence and mortality across regions. This study analyzes the global cancer burden from 2020 to 2024, using GLOBOCAN-derived estimates for 30 malignancies across 190 geographic regions. The focus is on Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios (MIR) as a key indicator of cancer outcomes and their socioeconomic determinants. Data from GLOBOCAN 2020-2024 were analyzed to estimate cancer incidence, mortality, and MIR across regions categorized by Human Development Index (HDI). Socioeconomic indicators, including healthcare spending, education index, and GDP per capita, were examined for their correlation with cancer outcomes. Statistical analyses included correlation coefficients, regional comparisons, and HDI-stratified analyses. The analysis revealed stark disparities in MIR across HDI categories, with Very High HDI regions exhibiting the lowest MIR (0.33) and Low HDI regions the highest (0.84). Healthcare spending showed a strong inverse correlation with MIR (-0.392), while education levels demonstrated the strongest association with improved cancer outcomes (-0.794 correlation with MIR). Regional analysis highlighted Sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia as having the highest MIR values, reflecting limited healthcare access and resources. In contrast, Western Europe and Northern America reported the lowest MIR, underscoring the benefits of robust healthcare systems and early detection programs. Among the 30 malignancies analyzed, lung, breast, and colorectal cancers showed the greatest disparities in outcomes between regions. Inconclusions, this study highlights the critical role of socioeconomic factors in shaping global cancer outcomes. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address disparities in cancer care, particularly in low-resource settings. By providing a comprehensive analysis of MIR and its determinants, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare providers aiming to reduce the global cancer burden and improve outcomes worldwide." pdf="https://ajbm.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/International-Cancer-Burden-Analysis-2020-2024-GLOBOCAN-Derived-Estimates-of-Incidence-and-Mortality-for-30-Malignancies-in-190-Geographic-Regions.pdf"]

Received 19 October 2024; revised 10 November 2024; accepted 8 December 2024; published 26 December 2024

[crossref_buttons title="Prognostic factors and surgical approaches for long bone sarcomas: a comprehensive narrative study" doi="10.18081/2333-5106/2024.12/169" journal_title="American Journal of BioMedicine" issn="1234-5678" publication_year="2024" volume="Volume 12, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 169- 186" first_author_given="Wejdi Abbass Yassin" first_author_surname="Al-Fatlawy" abstract="This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of various surgical interventions for bone sarcoma, focusing on survival rates, functional outcomes, complication rates, and quality of life. A systematic review and analysis were conducted on six primary surgical interventions, including limb salvage surgery, wide resection, amputation, endoprosthetic reconstruction, biological reconstruction, and rotationplasty. Limb salvage surgery demonstrated the highest functional outcomes (85%) and quality of life scores (8.0/10), while endoprosthetic reconstruction achieved the highest survival rate (75%) but with a higher complication rate (30%). Amputation, despite the lowest complication rate (15%), showed reduced functional scores (65%) and survival rates (55%). Recovery times varied significantly, with biological reconstruction requiring the longest rehabilitation period (16 weeks) and wide resection the shortest (8 weeks). Psychological challenges were notable in amputation cases, with 15% of patients experiencing psychological issues. In conclusion: Limb-sparing procedures, where feasible, offer superior functional and quality-of-life outcomes compared to amputation, though they carry higher complication risks. The choice of surgical intervention should be individualized, balancing oncological and functional considerations. Future research should focus on reducing complication rates, improving prosthetic designs, and standardizing rehabilitation protocols to enhance patient outcomes. Long bone sarcomas, a rare and aggressive group of malignancies, primarily affect the skeletal system and pose significant challenges in clinical oncology. These tumors, which include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, are most commonly diagnosed in children, adolescents, and young adults, often leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite advancements in diagnostic imaging, surgical techniques, and systemic therapies, the prognosis for patients with long bone sarcomas remains variable and is influenced by a multitude of factors." pdf="https://ajbm.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Prognostic-factors-and-surgical-approaches-for-long-bone-sarcomas-a-comprehensive-narrative-study.pdf"]

Received 11 October 2024; revised 12 November 2024; accepted 1 December 2024; published 23 December 2024

[crossref_buttons title="Long-term mortality risk associated with cholesterol levels in primary prevention adults: insights from a retrospective cohort study" doi="10.18081/2333-5106/2024.12/1"51 journal_title="American Journal of BioMedicine" issn="1234-5678" publication_year="2024" volume="Volume 12, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 151- 168" first_author_given="Hamid" first_author_surname="Shamiahs" abstract="Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most significant threats to global public health in the 21st century. This comprehensive review synthesizes two decades of data (2000-2023) to assess the evolving landscape of AMR worldwide. We analyzed data from major global surveillance systems, including WHO's GLASS and regional networks, encompassing over 195 countries. The assessment integrated epidemiological data, economic analyses, and environmental factors affecting AMR patterns. Global surveillance revealed a 65% increase in resistant infections from 2000 to 2023, with mortality rates reaching 4.95 million deaths annually attributed to AMR. Low- and middle-income countries showed resistance rates 3-4 times higher than high-income nations. Economic impact analyses estimated annual global costs at US$100-150 billion, projected to reach US$300 billion by 2030. Age-stratified data showed a 2.5-fold higher risk in elderly populations and a 1.8-fold increase in pediatric cases. Environmental studies identified significant correlations between urbanization (r=0.78, p<0.001) and AMR prevalence. Machine learning models demonstrated 85% accuracy in predicting resistance patterns, while antimicrobial stewardship programs reduced resistance rates by 32% in participating healthcare facilities. The global burden of AMR demonstrates alarming growth trajectories, particularly in resource-limited settings. Integrated approaches combining technological innovation, policy reform, and international collaboration are essential for effective AMR control. These findings emphasize the urgent need for sustained investment in surveillance, research, and implementation of evidence-based interventions to address this critical public health challenge." pdf="https://ajbm.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Comprehensive-Assessment-of-the-Global-Burden-of-Antimicrobial-Resistance-Trends-and-Insights-from-2000-to-2023.pdf"]

Received 12 October 2024; revised 30 October 2024; accepted 20 November 2024; published 10 December 2024

[crossref_buttons title="Long-term mortality risk associated with cholesterol levels in primary prevention adults: insights from a retrospective cohort study" doi="10.18081/2333-5106/2024.12/138" journal_title="American Journal of BioMedicine" issn="1234-5678" publication_year="2024" volume="Volume 12, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 138- 150" first_author_given="Ovais" first_author_surname="Ahmed" abstract="Cholesterol levels, particularly LDL-C, are a critical factor in cardiovascular risk management. However, the long-term mortality risk associated with cholesterol levels in adults undergoing primary prevention remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between cholesterol levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a large retrospective cohort. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from 50,000 adults aged 40-75 years without prior cardiovascular disease. Participants were stratified into quintiles based on baseline LDL-C levels. Mortality outcomes were assessed over a 15-year follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and treatment status. During the follow-up period, 6,500 deaths were recorded, including 2,100 cardiovascular-related deaths. Participants in the highest LDL-C quintile (>190 mg/dL) had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.45; 95% CI, 1.30-1.62; P<0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.50-2.10; P<0.001) compared to those in the lowest quintile (<70 mg/dL). Statin use was associated with a 25% reduction in all-cause mortality (HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.68-0.83; P<0.001). No significant differences were observed in mortality risk among intermediate LDL-C quintiles (70-130 mg/dL). In conclusions, Elevated LDL-C levels are independently associated with increased long-term mortality risk in adults undergoing primary prevention. These findings underscore the importance of aggressive LDL-C management in high-risk individuals and support the use of statins for primary prevention. Further research is needed to explore the impact of emerging lipid-lowering therapies on long-term outcomes." pdf="https://ajbm.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Long-term-mortality-risk-associated-with-cholesterol-levels-in-primary-prevention-adults-insights-from-a-retrospective-cohort-study.pdf"]

Received 31 July 2024; revised 01 September 2024; accepted 21 September 2024; published 04 November 2024

[crossref_buttons title="Bariatric surgery’s impact on hepatic cirrhosis: a therapeutic bridge in advanced liver disease" doi="10.18081/2333-5106/2024.12/117" journal_title="American Journal of BioMedicine" issn="1234-5678" publication_year="2024" volume="Volume 12, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 117- 137" first_author_given="John" first_author_surname="Smith" abstract="Hepatic cirrhosis, compounded by obesity, presents a significant clinical challenge, with limited therapeutic options to improve liver function and survival. Bariatric surgery has emerged as a potential intervention, offering metabolic and hepatic benefits. This study evaluates the impact of bariatric surgery on cirrhotic patients, synthesizing evidence from 20 studies using the PRISMA framework. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, identifying 20 studies that assessed the outcomes of bariatric surgery in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Key outcomes included changes in liver function (MELD and Child-Pugh scores), survival probabilities, weight loss, and post-operative complications. Data were extracted, analyzed, and synthesized to provide a comprehensive evaluation of bariatric surgery's role in this population. Bariatric surgery was associated with significant improvements in liver function, with MELD scores decreasing by an average of 28.6% and Child-Pugh scores transitioning many patients from Class B to Class A. Survival analysis revealed stabilization of survival probabilities at 70% within the first six months and 55-60% at 12 months. Weight loss outcomes were substantial, with an average excess weight loss of 60-70%. Post-operative complications were observed in 20-30% of patients, with the majority occurring within the first six months. Evidence quality, assessed using the GRADE system, was high for liver function and weight loss outcomes but moderate to low for complications. In conclusion, Bariatric surgery offers a promising therapeutic bridge for cirrhotic patients with obesity, improving liver function, survival, and metabolic health. While the findings are encouraging, careful patient selection and perioperative management are critical to optimizing outcomes. Further research is needed to validate these results and explore long-term benefits." pdf="https://ajbm.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Bariatric-surgerys-impact-on-hepatic-cirrhosis-a-therapeutic-bridge-in-advanced-liver-disease.pdf"]